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Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom

Definition of Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom (DIKW) The DIKW hierarchy (Data–Information–Knowledge–Wisdom) is a widely accepted framework in Information Science and Knowledge Management. It explains how raw facts are transformed into meaningful insights and sound decisions. 1. Data Definition: Data are raw, unprocessed facts, figures, symbols, or observations that have no inherent meaning when considered independently. Characteristics: Raw and unorganized Context-free May be qualitative or quantitative Forms the foundation for information Examples: 85, 90, 78, 88 "25°C" Student ID: 202501 Definition by Ackoff (1989): "Data are symbols that represent properties of objects, events, and their environment." 2. Information Definition: Information is processed, organized, and contextualized data that conveys meaning and is useful for understanding or decision-making. Characteri...
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Ethical Aspects of Information Access

Ethical Aspects of Information Access Information access refers to the ability of people to obtain, use, and share information. Ethical access ensures that information is used responsibly, fairly, and legally. The major ethical aspects include: 1.      Equal Access to Information o     Everyone should have fair and equal opportunities to access information regardless of gender, age, disability, economic status, or location. o     Efforts should be made to reduce the digital divide. 2.      Privacy and Confidentiality o     Personal information should be protected from unauthorized access. o     Individuals have the right to control how their personal data is collected, stored, and shared. 3.      Intellectual Property Rights o     Respect copyrights, patents, and trademarks. o     Do not copy or distribute someone el...
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